hydrate formation

hydrate dissociation

gas lift

hydrate

hydrate saturation

Energy & Fuels

This paper summarizes the conditions, applied techniques, results, and lessons of major field gas production attempts from gas hydrates in the past and the necessity of longer term production testing with the scale of years to fulfill the gap between the currently available information and the knowledge required for commercial development. The temporal and spatial scales of field production test projects employing depressurization have expanded since 2002. The results from the projects have proved the applicability of these techniques in both onshore and offshore conditions. However, many technical and reservoir condition-related issues have emerged in gas production, and the gap between current status and industrial requirements is still large. Sand control, artificial lift, and related flow assurance issues are common technical issues that impact onshore and offshore production testing operations. Different reservoir responses were observed well by well, and discrepancy between model predictions and actual field measurements were seen, although reasonable matches were made for short-term behaviors. Those observations suggest that temporal change of the wellbore and near-wellbore conditions and reservoir heterogeneity that cannot be fully modeled have caused complex short-term responses to the depressurization operations. To ensure the long-term operational stability and reliability of the prediction technologies for production behaviors that are essential for commercialization of gas hydrate resources, gas hydrate production testing with comparable duration with commercial operations are necessary. Due to the locality of geological conditions in gas hydrate reservoirs, numerous gas production tests will be required to understand the factors controlling gas production.

Review of Past Gas Production Attempts from Subsurface Gas Hydrate Deposits and Necessity of Long-Term Production Testing