Chemistry

Materials science

Engineering

Formamidinium

Crystallization

Perovskite (structure)

Mineralogy

Inorganic chemistry

Chemical engineering

Caesium

Joule

A dual-functional material comprising organic ammonium cation and dithiocarbamate anion is developed to regulate the crystallization and defects of the formamidinium-cesium perovskite. 24.25% efficiency in a single cell and >20.5% efficiency from a 10.4 cm2 minimodule have been realized with excellent operational stability. Briefly, this exploitation of cation-anion synergistic effect from dual-functional additives provides more feasible technique routes for promoting the perovskite photovoltaic development and commercialization.

Efficient, stable formamidinium-cesium perovskite solar cells and minimodules enabled by crystallization regulation