Biofeedback

Opiate

Anorectal manometry

Receptor

Intensive care medicine

Functional constipation

Physical therapy

Internal medicine

Constipation

Chronic constipation

Medicine

Mayo Clinic Proceedings

Constipation is a common symptom that may be primary (idiopathic or functional) or associated with a number of disorders or medications. Although most constipation is self-managed by patients, 22% seek health care, mostly to primary care physicians (>50%) and gastroenterologists (14%), resulting in large expenditures for diagnostic testing and treatments. There is strong evidence that stimulant and osmotic laxatives, intestinal secretagogues, and peripherally restricted μ-opiate antagonists are effective and safe; the lattermost drugs are a major advance for managing opioid-induced constipation.

Chronic Constipation