Photoplethysmogram

Programming language

Simulation

Robot

Filter (signal processing)

Engineering

Artificial intelligence

Physics

Suction

Image (mathematics)

SIGNAL (programming language)

Quantum mechanics

Computer science

Noise (video)

World Wide Web

Tactile sensor

Real-time computing

Mechanism (biology)

Leech

Computer vision

Pressure sensor

Mechanical engineering

npj Flexible Electronics

In this study, based on inspiration drawn from origami and the suction mechanism of leeches, a dry electrode is developed for reliable blood pressure (BP) monitoring. The leech-inspired suction mechanism generated a local soft vacuum facilitating appropriate contact with the human skin. Subsequently, an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor, termed a leech-inspired origami (LIO) sensor, was constructed using the developed dry electrode. The LIO with a sensing robot system ensures reliable ECG signals with a signal-to-noise ratio of 21.7 ± 0.56 dB. From the paired detection of ECG and photoplethysmography (PPG) through human–robot interaction, BP monitoring was demonstrated. The average difference of the systolic BP between that estimated by the sensing robot and that monitored by the sphygmomanometer was 0.03 mmHg, indicating the reliable BP monitoring ability of the sensing robot. The LIO sensing system inspired by origami and leech behaviors makes BP sensing tools feasible, which in turn would further the development of a remote healthcare monitoring robotic system.

3D printed leech-inspired origami dry electrodes for electrophysiology sensing robots