Optics

Physics

Philosophy

Fusion

Composite material

Power (physics)

Metallurgy

Grain size

Materials science

Welding

Laser power scaling

Superalloy

Power density

Scanning electron microscope

Keyhole

Inconel

Alloy

Linguistics

Laser

Quantum mechanics

Porosity

Optical microscope

Relative density

Microstructure

Weldability

Metallography Microstructure and Analysis

Excellent weldability and high temperature stability make Inconel 718 (IN718) one of the most popular alloys to be produced by additive manufacturing. In this study, we investigated the effects of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) parameters on the microstructure and relative density of IN718. The samples were fabricated with independently varied laser power (125–350 W), laser scan speed (200–2200 mm/s), and laser scan rotation (0°–90°). Archimedes' method, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to assess the influence of LPBF parameters on the relative density and microstructure. Optimal processing windows were identified for a wide range of processing parameters, and relative density greater than 99.5% was achieved using volumetric energy density between 50 and 100 J/mm3. Microstructural features including melt pool geometry, lack of fusion defect, keyhole porosity, and sub-grain cellular microstructure were examined and quantified to correlate to LPBF parameters. A simple empirical model was postulated to relate relative sample density and LPBF volumetric energy density. Melt pool dimensions were quantitatively measured and compared to estimations based on Rosenthal solution, which yielded a good agreement with the width, but underestimated the depth, particularly at high energy input, due to lack of consideration for keyhole mode. In addition, the sub-grain cellular-dendritic microstructure in the as-built samples was observed to decrease with increasing laser scan speed. Quantification of the sub-micron cellular-dendritic microstructure yielded estimated cooling rate in the order of 105–107 K/s.

Microstructural Development in Inconel 718 Nickel-Based Superalloy Additively Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion