Augmented reality

Neuroscience

Ranking (information retrieval)

Pure mathematics

Perception

Mathematics

Depth perception

Biology

Optical head-mounted display

Human–computer interaction

Paleontology

Artificial intelligence

Psychology

Virtual reality

Medical physics

Context (archaeology)

Visualization

Computer science

Field (mathematics)

Medicine

Medical Image Analysis

This article presents a systematic review of optical see-through head mounted display (OST-HMD) usage in augmented reality (AR) surgery applications from 2013 to 2020. Articles were categorised by: OST-HMD device, surgical speciality, surgical application context, visualisation content, experimental design and evaluation, accuracy and human factors of human-computer interaction. 91 articles fulfilled all inclusion criteria. Some clear trends emerge. The Microsoft HoloLens increasingly dominates the field, with orthopaedic surgery being the most popular application (28.6\%). By far the most common surgical context is surgical guidance (n=58) and segmented preoperative models dominate visualisation (n = 40). Experiments mainly involve phantoms (n = 43) or system setup (n = 21), with patient case studies ranking third (n = 19), reflecting the comparative infancy of the field. Experiments cover issues from registration to perception with very different accuracy results. Human factors emerge as significant to OST-HMD utility. Some factors are addressed by the systems proposed, such as attention shift away from the surgical site and mental mapping of 2D images to 3D patient anatomy. Other persistent human factors remain or are caused by OST-HMD solutions, including ease of use, comfort and spatial perception issues. The significant upward trend in published articles is clear, but such devices are not yet established in the operating room and clinical studies showing benefit are lacking. A focused effort addressing technical registration and perceptual factors in the lab coupled with design that incorporates human factors considerations to solve clear clinical problems should ensure that the significant current research efforts will succeed.

Utility of optical see-through head mounted displays in augmented reality-assisted surgery: A systematic review