Organic chemistry

Sulfide minerals

Sulfide

Greenhouse gas

Biology

Dissolution

Engineering

Catalysis

Hydrometallurgy

Chemistry

Ecology

Metallurgy

Materials science

Sulfidation

Liquid metal

Oxide

Metal

Chemical engineering

Nature

There is urgent, unprecedented demand for critical by-product and co-product metallic elements for the infrastructure (magnets, batteries, catalysts and electronics) needed to power society with renewable electricity1–3. However, the extraction of d-block and f-block metals from mineral and recycled streams is thermodynamically difficult, typically requiring complete dissolution of the materials, followed by liquid–liquid separation using metal-ion complexing or chelating behaviour4,5. The similar electronic structure of these metals results in poor separation factors, necessitating immense energy, water and chemicals consumption6–8. Here a metal-processing approach based on selective anion exchange is proposed. Several simple process levers (gas partial pressure, gas flowrate and carbon addition) are demonstrated to selectively sulfidize a target metal from a mixed metal-oxide feed. The physical and chemical differences between the sulfide and oxide compounds (for example, density, magnetic susceptibility and surface chemistry) can then be exploited for vastly improved separation compared with liquid–liquid methods9. The process conditions of sulfidation are provided for 56 elements and demonstrated for 15 of them. An assessment of the environmental and economic impacts suggests a path towards 60–90% reductions in greenhouse gas emissions while offering substantial capital cost savings compared with liquid–liquid hydrometallurgy. A framework for selective sulfidation is proposed for the practical separation and enrichment of numerous metallic elements, to enable environmentally and economically sustainable metal processing.

Selective sulfidation of metal compounds