Internal medicine

Sociology

Sarcopenia

Marital status

Population

Obesity

Meta-analysis

Demography

Odds ratio

Physical therapy

Overweight

Underweight

Publication bias

Gerontology

Activities of daily living

Funnel plot

Confidence interval

Medicine

Environmental health

Nutrients

(1) Background: To review the associated factors of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults. (2) Methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and four Chinese electronic databases were searched for observational studies that reported the associated factors of sarcopenia from inception to August 2021. Two researchers independently selected the literature, evaluated their quality, and extracted relevant data. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for each associated factors of sarcopenia using random-effects/fixed-effects models. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot and the Eggers test. We performed statistical analysis using Stata 15.0 software. (3) Results: A total of 68 studies comprising 98,502 cases were included. Sociodemographic associated factors of sarcopenia among community-dwelling older adults included age (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.10-1.13), marital status (singled, divorced, or widowed) (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.08-2.28), disability for activities of daily living (ADL) (OR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.15-1.92), and underweight (OR = 3.78, 95% CI: 2.55-5.60). Behavioral associated factors included smoking (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.10-1.21), physical inactivity (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.48-2.01), malnutrition/malnutrition risk (OR = 2.99, 95% CI: 2.40-3.72), long (OR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.37-3.86) and short (OR = 3.32, 95% CI: 1.86-5.93) sleeping time, and living alone (OR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.00-2.40). Disease-related associated factors included diabetes (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.18-1.66), cognitive impairment (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.05-2.51), heart diseases (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.00-1.30), respiratory diseases (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.09-1.36), osteopenia/osteoporosis (OR = 2.73, 95% CI: 1.63-4.57), osteoarthritis (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.23-1.44), depression (OR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.17-1.83), falls (OR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.14-1.44), anorexia (OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 1.14-1.96), and anemia (OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.06-1.82). However, it remained unknown whether gender (female: OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 0.80-1.51; male: OR = 1.50, 95% CI: 0.96-2.34), overweight/obesity (OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.17-0.44), drinking (OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.84-1.01), hypertension (OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.84-1.14), hyperlipidemia (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 0.89-1.47), stroke (OR = 1.70, 95% CI: 0.69-4.17), cancer (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.85-0.92), pain (OR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.98-1.20), liver disease (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.85-0.91), and kidney disease (OR = 2.52, 95% CI: 0.19-33.30) were associated with sarcopenia. (4) Conclusions: There are many sociodemographic, behavioral, and disease-related associated factors of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults. Our view provides evidence for the early identification of high-risk individuals and the development of relevant interventions to prevent sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults.

Associated Factors of Sarcopenia in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis