Klotho in kidney diseases: a crosstalk between the renin–angiotensin system and endoplasmic reticulum stress

Klotho is a transmembrane anti-ageing protein that exists in three forms, i.e. α-Klotho, β-Klotho and γ-Klotho, with distinct organ-specific expression and functions in the body. Here we focus on α-Klotho (hereafter Klotho), abundantly expressed by the distal and proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. A significant decline in systemic and renal Klotho levels is a new hallmark for kidney disease progression. Emerging research portrays Klotho...