Poly-γ-glutamic acid: Recent achievements, diverse applications and future perspectives

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a chiral biopolymer composed of either l-glutamic acid or d-glutamic acid or both monomers in different ratios and repeating frequency. It is biodegradable, water-soluble, environmentally friendly, and edible, and has versatile industrial applications. Depending on the microbial producers, the molecular weights and stereochemical compositions of γ-PGA differ substantially, and exhibit great application diversity....