Swim bladder as an alternative biomaterial for bioprosthetic valves

Valvular structural deterioration and calcification are the main indications for secondary intervention after bioprosthetic valve replacement, promoting an urgent requirement for more durable cardiovascular biomaterials for clinical applications. The swim bladder of carp we introduced in this study has several advantages as a raw biomaterial when compared to the bovine pericardium. First, the results of in vitro assays demonstrated that the...