Design and operation optimization of city-level off-grid hydro–photovoltaic complementary system

Increasing attentions have been paid on the design and operation optimization of hydro-photovoltaic complementary systems due to the inherent uncertainty associated withthe solar energy. However, studies mainly focused on the household or community integrated power system while the city-level off-grid systems remained less explored. That was because both the large scale of the studied area and the complex factors associated with the city...