CALPHAD-guided alloy design of Cu–Pb–(X) immiscible alloy with rodlike secondary phases

Novel Cu–24Pb–xAl alloys with dispersed and rodlike Pb-rich secondary phases (PSPs) were designed and prepared with the guidance of CALPHAD. Through primary binary-phase diagram analysis and thermodynamic calculation, Al was proven to be a suitable alloying element in Cu–Pb system to promote the formation of dispersed and rodlike PSPs during solidification by introducing a (L1 + L2 + α-Cu) phase region in Cu–Pb–xAl systems. The Cu–24Pb–xAl...