Comparative assessment of the fate and toxicity of chemically and biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles to juvenile clams

Nanoparticles (NPs) can be produced via physical, chemical, or biological approaches. Yet, the impact of the synthesis approaches on the environmental fate and effects of NPs is poorly understood. Here, we synthesized AgNPs through chemical and biological approaches (cit-AgNPs and bio-AgNPs), characterized their properties, and toxicities relative to commercially available Ag nanopowder (np-AgNPs) to the clam Mercenaria mercenaria. The chemical...