Caffeine consumption and schizophrenia: A highlight on adenosine receptor–independent mechanisms

Schizophrenia is a common psychiatric disorder which affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide. However, the complexity of etiology, treatment resistance and side effects induced by current antipsychotics, relapse prevention, and psychosocial rehabilitation are still to be uncovered. Caffeine, as the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug, plays a crucial role in daily life. Plenty of preclinical and clinical evidence has...