Attachment configurations to mothers and fathers during infancy predict compliance, defiance, and effortful control in toddlerhood

Infant-parent attachment has been theoretically proposed to serve a key regulatory function for children's emotion, cognition, and behavior, with secure attachment leading to more favorable outcomes, but much of the research supporting this claim has been conducted solely on infant-mother dyads. While research on infant-father attachment has gained traction, studies including fathers often examine their contributions as independent from mothers,...