Human-made corals for marine habitats: Design optimization and additive manufacturing

This paper presents an optimization method to systematically design human-made corals using the technique of solid isotropic material with the penalization. In optimization, we minimized the squared norm of the carbon gradient and considered the volume constraint and the length constraint. We homogeneously dented optimization results using a surface mapping method to provide shelters for polyps, which widely exist in natural corals like the...