Compact Sine Cosine Algorithm applied in vehicle routing problem with time window

In this paper, the compact Sine Cosine Algorithm (cSCA) is proposed. The cSCA algorithm is not based on population, but simulates the behavior of the actual population through a probability model called virtual population. Compared with the original algorithm, the cSCA algorithm takes up less memory space. However, frequent sampling may lead to poor solution quality. In view of this situation, this paper introduces the intergenerational...