Physics

Pure mathematics

Event (particle physics)

Elite athletes

Mathematics

Politics

Image (mathematics)

Similarity (geometry)

Political science

Physical therapy

Artificial intelligence

Psychology

Track and field athletics

Geography

Elite

Athletes

Diversity (politics)

Computer science

Quantum mechanics

Field (mathematics)

Medicine

Chaos An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science

This paper applies existing and new approaches to study trends in the performance of elite athletes over time. We study both track and field scores of men and women athletes on a yearly basis from 2001 to 2019, revealing several trends and findings. First, we perform a detailed regression study to reveal the existence of an “Olympic effect,” where average performance improves during Olympic years. Next, we study the rate of change in athlete performance and fail to reject the notion that athlete scores are leveling off, at least among the top 100 annual scores. Third, we examine the relationship in performance trends among men and women’s categories of the same event, revealing striking similarity, together with some anomalous events. Finally, we analyze the geographic composition of the world’s top athletes, attempting to understand how the diversity by country and continent varies over time across events. We challenge a widely held conception of athletics that certain events are more geographically dominated than others. Our methods and findings could be applied more generally to identify evolutionary dynamics in group performance and highlight spatiotemporal trends in group composition.

In search of peak human athletic potential: A mathematical investigation