Electrical engineering

Mathematics

Economic growth

Algorithm

Distributed computing

Mathematical optimization

Engineering

Optimization problem

Economics

Renewable energy

Electricity

Efficient energy use

Convergence (economics)

Computer science

Bilevel optimization

Distributed generation

Lagrange multiplier

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics

The heat–electricity integrated energy system (HE-IES) with energy hubs (EHs) and prosumers is the typical form of future energy systems. An EH can efficiently model the integration of different energy carriers and coordinate an integrated energy sharing system of multiple prosumers in HE-IES. In this article, a closed-loop framework is designed to integrate the contract theory and consensus algorithms for a bilevel heat–electricity energy sharing system. First, the energy sharing scheme between prosumers and an EH in the lower level energy system is formulated. Contract theory is utilized to maximize the profits of an EH under the information asymmetry scenario, and different contract items are designed for the electric and thermal networks. In particular, a set of new bidirectional contract items is proposed in the electrical network. Furthermore, a consensus-based energy sharing framework among various EHs and utility grid in the upper level system is developed and network constraints are considered. Two types of Lagrange multipliers are defined to decouple the electric and thermal network, and an interactive mechanism is designed to solve the problem. Finally, the simulation results verify the convergence of the bilevel closed-loop framework and the feasibility and performance of the scheme.

Bilevel Heat–Electricity Energy Sharing for Integrated Energy Systems With Energy Hubs and Prosumers