Protein and solutes freeze-concentration in water/glycerol mixtures revealed by pulse EPR

Lyophilization can extend protein drugs stability and shelf life, but it also can lead to protein degradation in some cases. The development of safe freeze-drying approaches for sensitive proteins requires a better understanding of lyophilization on the molecular level. The evaluation of the freezing process and its impact on the protein environment in the nm scale is challenging because feasible experimental methods are scarce. In the present...