Effects of drag and subgrid-scale turbulence modeling on gas–solid hydrodynamics of a pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed

Large eddy simulation is performed on a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) based on an Eulerian-Eulerian approach. The riser of the CFB has two axial sections of different diameters joined by a diffuser. The effects of drag and subgrid-scale models are examined on hydrodynamic parameters, such as solids volume fraction (εs), solids circulation rate (Gs), and full loop pressure profiles. A hybrid energy minimization multi-scale (EMMS) drag model is...