Internal medicine

Epidermal growth factor receptor

Biology

Cancer

Oncology

Immunohistochemistry

Ki-67

Breast cancer

Cell growth

Biomarker

Proliferation Marker

Cancer research

Genetics

Biochemistry

Medicine

Estrogen receptor

Progesterone receptor

Cancers

The advent of molecular medicine has transformed breast cancer management. Breast cancer is now recognised as a heterogenous disease with varied morphology, molecular features, tumour behaviour, and response to therapeutic strategies. These parameters are underpinned by a combination of genomic and immunohistochemical tumour factors, with estrogen receptor (ER) status, progesterone receptor (PgR) status, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) status, Ki-67 proliferation indices, and multigene panels all playing a contributive role in the substratification, prognostication and personalization of treatment modalities for each case. The expression of Ki-67 is strongly linked to tumour cell proliferation and growth and is routinely evaluated as a proliferation marker. This review will discuss the clinical utility, current pitfalls, and promising strategies to augment Ki-67 proliferation indices in future breast oncology.

Ki-67 as a Prognostic Biomarker in Invasive Breast Cancer