Pillar

The Internet

Perspective (graphical)

Engineering

World Wide Web

Sociology

Embedded system

Paleontology

Visual arts

Artificial intelligence

Mirroring

Data science

Geometry

Replica

Industry 4.0

Context (archaeology)

Cyberspace

Theme (computing)

Mathematics

Computer science

Communication

Structural engineering

Biology

Product (mathematics)

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences

A digital twin (DT) is classically defined as the virtual replica of a real-world product, system, being, communities, even cities that are continuously updated with data from its physical counterpart, as well as its environment. It bridges the virtual cyberspace with the physical entities and, as such, is considered to be the pillar of Industry 4.0 and the innovation backbone of the future. A DT is created and used throughout the whole life cycle of the entity it replicates, from cradle to grave, so to speak. This article focuses on the present state of the art of DTs, concentrating on the use of DTs in industry in the context of smart manufacturing, especially from the point of view of plantwide optimization. The main capabilities of DTs (mirroring, shadowing and threading) are discussed in this context. The article concludes with a perspective on the future. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Towards symbiotic autonomous systems’.

Industrial applications of digital twins