Cancer immunotherapy: Classification, therapeutic mechanisms, and nanomaterial-based synergistic therapy

Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a burgeoning field to fight cancer by stimulating the innate or adaptive immune system of the patient. Nowadays, cancer vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, remodeling tumor microenvironment (TME), oncolytic virotherapy, immunogenic cell death (ICD) therapy, adoptive cell therapy (ACT), and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells as effective ways against cancer, the mechanism has been intensively studied....