Chronic Manganese Exposure and the Enteric Nervous System: An in Vitro and Mouse in Vivo Study

Chronic environmental exposure to manganese (Mn) can cause debilitating damage to the central nervous system. However, its potential toxic effects on the enteric nervous system (ENS) have yet to be assessed.We examined the effect of Mn on the ENS using both cell and animal models.Rat enteric glial cells (EGCs) and mouse primary enteric cultures were exposed to increasing concentrations of Mn and cell viability and mitochondrial health were...