Rhizome

World Wide Web

Molecular biology

Nanoparticle

Nanotechnology

Chemistry

Apoptosis

Materials science

In vitro

IC50

Leishmania major

MTT assay

Leishmania

Silver nanoparticle

Computer science

Flow cytometry

Biochemistry

Botany

Parasite hosting

Biology

Annexin

Microbiology

Pharmacology

Amastigote

PLoS ONE

Introduction Leishmaniasis is a major public health problem that causes by parasite of the genus Leishmania . The pentavalent antimonial compounds that used for treatment are not safe or effective enough. The aim of the present study was preparation and evaluation of the efficacy of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against Leishmania major ( L . major ) in vitro. Methods To synthesis silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs), ginger extract was added to the 0.2mM AgNO 3 aqueous solution (1:20). Effects of different concentrations of Ag-NPs on the number of L . major promastigotes were investigated using counting assay. The MTT test was applied to determine the toxicity of Ag-NPs on promastigotes of L . major , as well as, macrophage cells. Then, to evaluate the anti-amastigotes effects of Ag-NPs, parasites within the macrophages were counted by light microscope. Furthermore, to determine the induced apoptosis and necrotic effects of Ag-NPs on promastigotes, flow cytometry method was employed using annexin staining. Results The effect of Ag-NPs on promastigotes and amastigotes of L . major was effective and has a reverse relationship with its concentration. According to the results of anti-amastigote assay, the IC50 value of this nanoparticle was estimated 2.35 ppm after 72h. Also, Ag-NPs caused Programmed Cell Death (PCD) in promastigotes of L . major and showed 60.18% of apoptosis. Discussion Based on the mentioned results, it can be concluded that Ag NPs has a beneficial effect on promastigote and amastigote forms of L . major in vitro. Hence, these nanoparticles could be applied as promising antileishmanial agents for treatment of Leishmania infections.

Efficacy of green synthesized silver nanoparticles via ginger rhizome extract against Leishmania major in vitro