Three-dimensional crack tip constraint of shallow cracks in tension and bending

Two-dimensional plane strain approaches in fracture mechanics have been used to characterize crack tip constraint of cracked geometries from deep to shallow cracks but neglected out-of-plane crack tip constraint effect. To address the effect of thickness and crack length in three-dimensional crack tip constraint, fully constrained geometries of notched bend bars and unconstrained geometries of center cracked tension panels of deep to shallow...