Smoking and Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Infection Promote Retention of CD8⁺ T Cells in the Airway Mucosa

Smoking and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection are risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is among the most common comorbid conditions in people living with HIV-1. HIV-1 infection leads to persistent expansion of CD8+ T cells, and CD8+ T cell–mediated inflammation has been implicated in COPD pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of HIV-1 infection and smoking on T-cell dynamics in...