Immunomodulatory Effects of Lenvatinib Plus Anti–Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 in Mice and Rationale for Patient Enrichment in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Lenvatinib is an effective drug in advanced HCC. Its combination with the anti-PD1 (programmed cell death protein 1) immune checkpoint inhibitor, pembrolizumab, has generated encouraging results in phase Ib and is currently being tested in phase III trials. Here, we aimed to explore the molecular and immunomodulatory effects of lenvatinib alone or in combination with anti-PD1.We generated three syngeneic models of HCC in C57BL/6J mice...