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permanent magnet

mtdna

The Sun, as an active star, is the driver of energetic phenomena that\nstructure interplanetary space and affect planetary atmospheres. The effects of\nSpace Weather on Earth and the solar system is of increasing importance as\nhuman spaceflight is preparing for lunar and Mars missions. This review is\nfocusing on the solar perspective of the Space Weather relevant phenomena,\ncoronal mass ejections (CMEs), flares, solar energetic particles (SEPs), and\nsolar wind stream interaction regions (SIR). With the advent of the STEREO\nmission (launched in 2006), literally, new perspectives were provided that\nenabled for the first time to study coronal structures and the evolution of\nactivity phenomena in three dimensions. New imaging capabilities, covering the\nentire Sun-Earth distance range, allowed to seamlessly connect CMEs and their\ninterplanetary counterparts measured in-situ (so called ICMEs). This vastly\nincreased our knowledge and understanding of the dynamics of interplanetary\nspace due to solar activity and fostered the development of Space Weather\nforecasting models. Moreover, we are facing challenging times gathering new\ndata from two extraordinary missions, NASA's Parker Solar Probe (launched in\n2018) and ESA's Solar Orbiter (launched in 2020), that will in the near future\nprovide more detailed insight into the solar wind evolution and image CMEs from\nview points never approached before. The current review builds upon the Living\nReviews paper by Schwenn from 2006, updating on the Space Weather relevant\nCME-flare-SEP phenomena from the solar perspective, as observed from multiple\nviewpoints and their concomitant solar surface signatures.\n

Space weather: the solar perspective -- an update to Schwenn (2006)