Submerged versus side-stream osmotic membrane bioreactors using an outer-selective hollow fiber osmotic membrane for desalination

This study investigated the comparative performances, fouling mitigation efficiencies, and operational costs of side-stream and submerged osmotic membrane bioreactors (OMBR) systems using an outer-selective hollow fiber thin-film composite forward osmosis (OSHF TFC FO) membrane. Generally, the submerged OMBR system exhibited the higher fouling mitigation efficiency and a much slower flux decline rate when compared with that of the side-stream...