Internal medicine

Pathology

Bronchiolitis

Disease

Bronchiectasis

Pathogenesis

Intensive care medicine

Immunology

Interstitial lung disease

Rheumatoid arthritis

Lung

Vasculitis

Pneumoconiosis

Asbestosis

Pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary fibrosis

Respiratory system

Medicine

European Respiratory Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disorder, with the most common extra-articular manifestation of RA being lung involvement. While essentially any of the lung compartments can be affected and manifest as interstitial lung disease (ILD), pleural effusion, cricoarytenoiditis, constrictive or follicular bronchiolitis, bronchiectasis, pulmonary vasculitis, and pulmonary hypertension, RA-ILD is a leading cause of death in patients with RA and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In this review, we focus on the common pulmonary manifestations of RA, RA-ILD and airway disease, and discuss evolving concepts in the pathogenesis of RA-associated pulmonary fibrosis, as well as therapeutic strategies, and have revised our previous review on the topic. A rational clinical approach for the diagnosis and management of RA-ILD, as well as an approach to patients with clinical worsening in the setting of treatment with disease-modifying agents, is included. Future directions for research and areas of unmet need in the realm of RA-associated lung disease are raised.

Rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease: manifestations and current concepts in pathogenesis and management