Can Hypofractionation and Immune Modulation Coexist?

The past few years have seen a renewed interest in bladder-preserving treatment for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Although there is no doubt that bladder preservation is an excellent local treatment with high levels of control and low levels of late toxicity,1Song Y.P. McWilliam A. Hoskin P.J. et al.Organ preservation in bladder cancer: An opportunity for truly personalized treatment.Nat Rev Urol. 2019; 16: 511-522Crossref...