Seepage Force and Its Direct Mechanical Effects in Hydrate-Bearing Porous Media

The direct mechanical effects of seepage force on the behavior of hydrate-bearing porous media (HBPM) have often been neglected in previous studies, which may lead to inaccurate predictions of the mechanical behavior of HBPM under seepage conditions. Here, we propose an extended three-phase physical model for unsaturated HBPM, including gas, capillary water, and generalized solid skeleton (GSS). Based on the model, the force balance equations...