Creep analyses for pipe bends under combined internal pressure and bending loads

This work provides detailed analyses of creep behaviors considering the influence of geometry change for pipe bends under combined bending and internal pressure loads based on the finite element method (FE). A modified Karchanov‒Rabotnov (K‒R) equation for creep damage is used in the ABAQUS user defined material subroutine (UMAT) compiled by FORTRAN. Typical results of creep stress, damage, and deformation for pipe bends are presented. Creep...