The effectiveness of balneotherapy and aquatic exercise on bone metabolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis

To systematically evaluate the effectiveness of balneotherapy and/or aquatic exercise on bone metabolism. A systematic literature search was conducted from inception to January 4, 2021. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a fixed-effect model according to study heterogeneity. Seven articles involving 467 participants were selected. Three balneotherapy studies were qualitatively...