A safe sequential treatment approach for patients who have acute cholecystitis with severe inflammation: Transmural gallbladder drainage followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy under the guidance of fluorescence imaging

For patients who have acute severe cholecystitis, urgent/early biliary drainage followed by delayed/elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy is recommended according to the Tokyo Guidelines 2018. Percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage is an established technique. Recently, transmural gallbladder drainage under the guidance of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS-GBD) was reported as a safe alternative. During surgery, fluorescence imaging using...