Fish <Actinopterygii>

Antimicrobial

Biochemistry

Enzyme

Microbiology

Anatomy

Snakehead

Biology

Protease

Fishery

Strain (injury)

Journal of Applied Microbiology

Aim The aims of this study were to screen an antagonistic probiotic for the prevention and control of bacterial diseases in snakehead fish and to evaluate the antimicrobial activities, biosafety and biocontrol effect of the antagonistic strain. Methods and Results In this study, the WLYS23 strain exhibiting the most effective antagonistic properties against several fish pathogens was selected from the intestine of healthy snakehead fish. The strain was identified as Bacillus velezensis based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, and phylogenetic analysis. This strain showed amylase, cellulase, protease and lipase activities according to extracellular enzyme activity assays. Moreover, the cell-free extract of the WLYS23 strain exhibited strong antibacterial activity, with MICs of ≤64 μg ml−1 for most fish pathogens. Additionally, the cell-free extract was heat and pH stable, and resistant to protease, whereas their antimicrobial activities were significantly influenced by metal ions at high concentration. The WLYS23 strain and its cell-free extract were safe for snakehead and zebrafish. The disease resistance of snakehead fish was significantly increased following administration of the WLYS23 strain and its cell-free extract respectively. The complete genome of the WLYS23 strain was sequenced and found to harbour seven gene clusters encoding secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity. Conclusion The WLYS23 strain possesses great potential as a biocontrol agent, which can be commercially developed to improve disease control in freshwater aquaculture. Significance and Impact of the Study Snakehead fish are important commercially farmed fish worldwide. However, the bacterial diseases caused by Aeromonas sp. and Nocardia seriolae in farmed snakehead fish lead to huge economic losses. Safe, economical and efficient probiotics are limited to prevent and control these diseases. Here, we provide a promising biocontrol agent with antagonistic activity against bacterial diseases of snakehead.

<i>Bacillus velezensis</i> WLYS23 strain possesses antagonistic activity against hybrid snakehead bacterial pathogens

Bacillus velezensis WLYS23 strain possesses antagonistic activity against hybrid snakehead bacterial pathogens