Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA): a review of pathophysiology and management

Purpose of review Myocardial infarction with nonobstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA) (≥ 50% stenosis) accounts for 5–8% of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) presentations. The demographic characteristics, risk factors, and management of patients with MINOCA differ from those with atherosclerotic ACS. The objective of this review is to provide a contemporary understanding of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and...