Effect of ground surface surcharge on deformational performance of tunnel in spatially variable soil

This study investigates the coupled effect of the soil spatial variations and the disturbance of ground surface on the existing tunnel using random finite difference method (RFDM). The soil Young's modulus is highlighted and simulated with horizontally stratified anisotropic random field that is discretized by the Karhunen-Loeve expansion. The surface surcharge is characterized from the statistics of field cases. The 46,800 Monte Carlo...