Hydrogel-driven origami metamaterials for tunable swelling behavior

• The hydrogel-driven origami metamaterial that can offer tunable swelling behavior with anisotropic or isotropic properties is designed. • A method of encapsulating the hydrogel with a soft and hard hybrid structure is proposed to avoid the failure of the interface between the hydrogel and the elastomer. • The integration of the greater positive/negative/zero expansion deformation functions is realized. • The deformation theory and the...