Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Athletes: Expect the Unexpected

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a tool designed to assess the integrated function of the cardiac, pulmonary, vascular and musculoskeletal systems to produce an exercise effort. CPET may be performed for performance purposes as part of optimizing a training program or for clinical purposes in athletes with established cardiovascular disease or in those with symptoms suggestive of cardiopulmonary pathology. Most normative values used...