Self‑renewal signaling pathways and differentiation therapies of glioblastoma stem cells (Review)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a primary brain tumor with a high mortality rate and a median survival time of ~14 months from the initial diagnosis. Although progress has been made in the currently available therapies, the treatment of GBM remains palliative. GBM contains subsets of GBM stem cells (GSCs) that share numerous neural stem/progenitor cell characteristics, such as expression of stem cell markers, self‑renewal and multi‑lineage...