Double diaphragm forming simulation using a global-to-local modelling strategy for detailed defect detection in large structures

A global-to-local modelling strategy is presented based on a sub-modelling approach to predict the formation of macroscale defects in bi-axial non-crimp fabric (NCF) during double diaphragm forming (DDF). A full-scale global simulation is initially performed using a coarse membrane element mesh (5 mm edge length) to locate areas containing potential defects. Refined local simulations are subsequently performed using high a fidelity shell-element...