Heterogeneous nucleation models to predict grain size in solidification

Heterogeneous nucleation models in solidification have been developed to predict grain size over several decades. Up to now, the models are divided into three categories. The first is a well-known spherical cap nucleus model, where the effectiveness of nucleant, i.e. contact angle, is mainly focused on characterising the nucleants. In this model, the kinetics is determined by activation energy of embryos formation and the adsorption rate of...