Physics

Business

Torque

Automotive engineering

Energy (signal processing)

Scope (computer science)

Mathematics

Energy management

Statistics

Risk analysis (engineering)

Engineering

Power (physics)

Systems engineering

Electric vehicle

Programming language

Computer science

Battery (electricity)

Quantum mechanics

Waste management

Fossil fuel

Powertrain

Thermodynamics

Proceedings of the IEEE

Electric and hybrid electric vehicles (EV/HEV) are promising solutions for fossil fuel conservation and pollution reduction for a safe environment and sustainable transportation. The design of these energy-efficient powertrains requires optimization of components, systems, and controls. Controls entail battery management, fuel consumption, driver performance demand emissions, and management strategy. The hardware optimization entails powertrain architecture, transmission type, power electronic converters, and energy storage systems. In this overview, all these factors are addressed and reviewed. Major challenges and future technologies for EV/HEV are also discussed. Published suggestions and recommendations are surveyed and evaluated in this review. The outcomes of detailed studies are presented in tabular form to compare the strengths and weaknesses of various methods. Furthermore, issues in the current research are discussed, and suggestions toward further advancement of the technology are offered. This article analyzes current research and suggests challenges and scope of future research in EV/HEV and can serve as a reference for those working in this field.

State of the Art and Trends in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles