Effect of heat-treatment mechanism on structural and electromechanical properties of eco-friendly (Bi, Ba)(Fe, Ti)O3 piezoceramics

Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, (Bi0.70Ba0.35)(Fe0.65Ti0.35)O3 (BBFT), were fabricated via a solid-state reaction method and then treated using different heat-treatment processes (furnace cooling, air quenching (AQ), and water quenching). In all these ceramics, the X-ray diffraction analysis revealed morphotropic phase boundaries between the rhombohedral and tetragonal phases. Changes in the average grain size, relative density, and electrical...