Experimental characterization and numerical modeling on the external impacting of high-speed railway axle EA4T steel

Modern railway axles are prone to external impacts under in-service, leading to fatigue crack initiation and failure accidents. In this work, the impacting responses of railway axles induced by foreign object damage (FOD) were investigated by using finite element modelling with the Johnson-Cook (J-C) constitutive law and failure model. J-C material model parameters of railway axle EA4T alloy steel were determined by the quasi-static compression...