Applications of four-dimensional printing in emerging directions: Review and prospects

Four-dimensional (4D) printing technology is an extension of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology that enables a 3D-printed static structure to dynamically change its shape with time. Therefore, the resulting structure can undergo self-folding/unfolding assisted by some stimuli. This technology has made much initial progress in many industrial fields. Aiming to investigate the in-depth application value of 4D printing, this study reviews...